The text of President Barack Obama’s State of the Union address, released by the White House as prepared for delivery:
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Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Members of Congress, fellow citizens:
Fifty-one years ago, John F. Kennedy declared to this chamber that “the
Constitution makes us not rivals for power but partners for progress. ... It
is my task,” he said, “to report the state of the Union - to improve it is
the task of us all.”
Tonight, thanks to the grit and determination of the American people, there
is much progress to report. After a decade of grinding war, our brave men
and women in uniform are coming home. After years of grueling recession,
our businesses have created over 6 million new jobs. We buy more American
cars than we have in five years, and less foreign oil than we have in 20.
Our housing market is healing, our stock market is rebounding, and
consumers, patients and homeowners enjoy stronger protections than ever
before.
Together, we have cleared away the rubble of crisis, and can say with
renewed confidence that the state of our union is stronger.
But we gather here knowing that there are millions of Americans whose hard
work and dedication have not yet been rewarded. Our economy is adding jobs
- but too many people still can’t find full-time employment. Corporate
profits have rocketed to all-time highs - but for more than a decade, wages
and incomes have barely budged.
It is our generation’s task, then, to reignite the true engine of America’s
economic growth - a rising, thriving middle class.
It is our unfinished task to restore the basic bargain that built this
country - the idea that if you work hard and meet your responsibilities, you
can get ahead, no matter where you come from, what you look like, or who you
love.
It is our unfinished task to make sure that this government works on behalf
of the many, and not just the few; that it encourages free enterprise,
rewards individual initiative, and opens the doors of opportunity to every
child across this great nation.
The American people don’t expect government to solve every problem. They
don’t expect those of us in this chamber to agree on every issue. But they
do expect us to put the nation’s interests before party. They do expect us
to forge reasonable compromise where we can. For they know that America
moves forward only when we do so together; and that the responsibility of
improving this union remains the task of us all.
Our work must begin by making some basic decisions about our budget -
decisions that will have a huge impact on the strength of our recovery.
Over the last few years, both parties have worked together to reduce the
deficit by more than $2.5 trillion - mostly through spending cuts, but also
by raising tax rates on the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans. As a result,
we are more than halfway towards the goal of $4 trillion in deficit
reduction that economists say we need to stabilize our finances.
Now we need to finish the job. And the question is, how?
In 2011, Congress passed a law saying that if both parties couldn’t agree on
a plan to reach our deficit goal, about a trillion dollars’ worth of budget
cuts would automatically go into effect this year. These sudden, harsh,
arbitrary cuts would jeopardize our military readiness. They’d devastate
priorities like education, energy and medical research. They would certainly
slow our recovery, and cost us hundreds of thousands of jobs. That’s why
Democrats, Republicans, business leaders and economists have already said
that these cuts, known here in Washington as “the sequester,” are a really
bad idea.
Now, some in this Congress have proposed preventing only the defense cuts by
making even bigger cuts to things like education and job training, Medicare
and Social Security benefits.
That idea is even worse. Yes, the biggest driver of our long-term debt is
the rising cost of health care for an aging population. And those of us who
care deeply about programs like Medicare must embrace the need for modest
reforms - otherwise, our retirement programs will crowd out the investments
we need for our children, and jeopardize the promise of a secure retirement
for future generations.
But we can’t ask senior citizens and working families to shoulder the entire
burden of deficit reduction while asking nothing more from the wealthiest
and most powerful. We won’t grow the middle class simply by shifting the
cost of health care or college onto families that are already struggling, or
by forcing communities to lay off more teachers, cops and firefighters.
Most Americans - Democrats, Republicans and independents - understand that
we can’t just cut our way to prosperity. They know that broad-based
economic growth requires a balanced approach to deficit reduction, with
spending cuts and revenue, and with everybody doing their fair share. And
that’s the approach I offer tonight.
On Medicare, I’m prepared to enact reforms that will achieve the same amount
of health care savings by the beginning of the next decade as the reforms
proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission. Already, the
Affordable Care Act is helping to slow the growth of health care costs. The
reforms I’m proposing go even further. We’ll reduce taxpayer subsidies to
prescription drug companies and ask more from the wealthiest seniors. We’ll
bring down costs by changing the way our government pays for Medicare,
because our medical bills shouldn’t be based on the number of tests ordered
or days spent in the hospital - they should be based on the quality of care
that our seniors receive. And I am open to additional reforms from both
parties, so long as they don’t violate the guarantee of a secure retirement.
Our government shouldn’t make promises we cannot keep - but we must keep the
promises we’ve already made.
To hit the rest of our deficit reduction target, we should do what leaders
in both parties have already suggested, and save hundreds of billions of
dollars by getting rid of tax loopholes and deductions for the well-off and
well-connected. After all, why would we choose to make deeper cuts to
education and Medicare just to protect special interest tax breaks? How is
that fair? How does that promote growth?
Now is our best chance for bipartisan, comprehensive tax reform that
encourages job creation and helps bring down the deficit. The American
people deserve a tax code that helps small businesses spend less time
filling out complicated forms, and more time expanding and hiring; a tax
code that ensures billionaires with high-powered accountants can’t pay a
lower rate than their hard-working secretaries; a tax code that lowers
incentives to move jobs overseas, and lowers tax rates for businesses and
manufacturers that create jobs right here in America. That’s what tax
reform can deliver. That’s what we can do together.
I realize that tax reform and entitlement reform won’t be easy. The
politics will be hard for both sides. None of us will get 100 percent of
what we want. But the alternative will cost us jobs, hurt our economy, and
visit hardship on millions of hardworking Americans. So let’s set party
interests aside, and work to pass a budget that replaces reckless cuts with
smart savings and wise investments in our future. And let’s do it without
the brinksmanship that stresses consumers and scares off investors. The
greatest nation on Earth cannot keep conducting its business by drifting
from one manufactured crisis to the next. Let’s agree, right here, right
now, to keep the people’s government open, pay our bills on time, and always
uphold the full faith and credit of the United States of America. The
American people have worked too hard, for too long, rebuilding from one
crisis to see their elected officials cause another.
Now, most of us agree that a plan to reduce the deficit must be part of our
agenda. But let’s be clear: Deficit reduction alone is not an economic
plan. A growing economy that creates good, middle-class jobs - that must be
the North Star that guides our efforts. Every day, we should ask ourselves
three questions as a nation: How do we attract more jobs to our shores?
How do we equip our people with the skills needed to do those jobs? And how
do we make sure that hard work leads to a decent living?
A year and a half ago, I put forward an American Jobs Act that independent
economists said would create more than 1 million new jobs. I thank the last
Congress for passing some of that agenda, and I urge this Congress to pass
the rest. Tonight, I’ll lay out additional proposals that are fully paid
for and fully consistent with the budget framework both parties agreed to
just 18 months ago. Let me repeat - nothing I’m proposing tonight should
increase our deficit by a single dime. It’s not a bigger government we
need, but a smarter government that sets priorities and invests in
broad-based growth.
Our first priority is making America a magnet for new jobs and
manufacturing.
After shedding jobs for more than 10 years, our manufacturers have added
about 500,000 jobs over the past three. Caterpillar is bringing jobs back
from Japan. Ford is bringing jobs back from Mexico. After locating plants
in other countries like China, Intel is opening its most advanced plant
right here at home. And this year, Apple will start making Macs in America
again.
There are things we can do, right now, to accelerate this trend. Last year,
we created our first manufacturing innovation institute in Youngstown, Ohio.
A once-shuttered warehouse is now a state-of-the art lab where new workers
are mastering the 3D printing that has the potential to revolutionize the
way we make almost everything. There’s no reason this can’t happen in other
towns. So tonight, I’m announcing the launch of three more of these
manufacturing hubs, where businesses will partner with the Departments of
Defense and Energy to turn regions left behind by globalization into global
centers of high-tech jobs. And I ask this Congress to help create a network
of fifteen of these hubs and guarantee that the next revolution in
manufacturing is Made in America.
If we want to make the best products, we also have to invest in the best
ideas. Every dollar we invested to map the human genome returned $140 to
our economy. Today, our scientists are mapping the human brain to unlock
the answers to Alzheimer’s; developing drugs to regenerate damaged organs;
devising new material to make batteries 10 times more powerful. Now is not
the time to gut these job-creating investments in science and innovation.
Now is the time to reach a level of research and development not seen since
the height of the Space Race. And today, no area holds more promise than
our investments in American energy.
After years of talking about it, we are finally poised to control our own
energy future. We produce more oil at home than we have in 15 years. We
have doubled the distance our cars will go on a gallon of gas, and the
amount of renewable energy we generate from sources like wind and solar -
with tens of thousands of good, American jobs to show for it. We produce
more natural gas than ever before - and nearly everyone’s energy bill is
lower because of it. And over the last four years, our emissions of the
dangerous carbon pollution that threatens our planet have actually fallen.
But for the sake of our children and our future, we must do more to combat
climate change. Yes, it’s true that no single event makes a trend. But the
fact is, the 12 hottest years on record have all come in the last 15. Heat
waves, droughts, wildfires and floods - all are now more frequent and
intense. We can choose to believe that Superstorm Sandy, and the most
severe drought in decades, and the worst wildfires some states have ever
seen were all just a freak coincidence. Or we can choose to believe in the
overwhelming judgment of science - and act before it’s too late.
The good news is, we can make meaningful progress on this issue while
driving strong economic growth. I urge this Congress to pursue a
bipartisan, market-based solution to climate change, like the one John
McCain and Joe Lieberman worked on together a few years ago. But if
Congress won’t act soon to protect future generations, I will. I will
direct my Cabinet to come up with executive actions we can take, now and in
the future, to reduce pollution, prepare our communities for the
consequences of climate change, and speed the transition to more sustainable
sources of energy.
Four years ago, other countries dominated the clean energy market and the
jobs that came with it. We’ve begun to change that. Last year, wind energy
added nearly half of all new power capacity in America. So let’s generate
even more. Solar energy gets cheaper by the year - so let’s drive costs
down even further. As long as countries like China keep going all-in on
clean energy, so must we.
In the meantime, the natural gas boom has led to cleaner power and greater
energy independence. That’s why my administration will keep cutting red
tape and speeding up new oil and gas permits. But I also want to work with
this Congress to encourage the research and technology that helps natural
gas burn even cleaner and protects our air and water.
Indeed, much of our newfound energy is drawn from lands and waters that we,
the public, own together. So tonight, I propose we use some of our oil and
gas revenues to fund an Energy Security Trust that will drive new research
and technology to shift our cars and trucks off oil for good. If a
nonpartisan coalition of CEOs and retired generals and admirals can get
behind this idea, then so can we. Let’s take their advice and free our
families and businesses from the painful spikes in gas prices we’ve put up
with for far too long. I’m also issuing a new goal for America: let’s cut
in half the energy wasted by our homes and businesses over the next 20
years. The states with the best ideas to create jobs and lower energy bills
by constructing more efficient buildings will receive federal support to
help make it happen.
America’s energy sector is just one part of an aging infrastructure badly in
need of repair. Ask any CEO where they’d rather locate and hire: a country
with deteriorating roads and bridges, or one with high-speed rail and
internet; high-tech schools and self-healing power grids. The CEO of
Siemens America - a company that brought hundreds of new jobs to North
Carolina - has said that if we upgrade our infrastructure, they’ll bring
even more jobs. And I know that you want these job-creating projects in
your districts. I’ve seen you all at the ribbon-cuttings.
Tonight, I propose a “Fix-It-First” program to put people to work as soon as
possible on our most urgent repairs, like the nearly 70,000 structurally
deficient bridges across the country. And to make sure taxpayers don’t
shoulder the whole burden, I’m also proposing a Partnership to Rebuild
America that attracts private capital to upgrade what our businesses need
most: modern ports to move our goods; modern pipelines to withstand a storm;
modern schools worthy of our children. Let’s prove that there is no better
place to do business than the United States of America. And let’s start
right away.
Part of our rebuilding effort must also involve our housing sector. Today,
our housing market is finally healing from the collapse of 2007. Home
prices are rising at the fastest pace in six years, home purchases are up
nearly 50 percent, and construction is expanding again.
But even with mortgage rates near a 50-year low, too many families with
solid credit who want to buy a home are being rejected. Too many families
who have never missed a payment and want to refinance are being told no.
That’s holding our entire economy back, and we need to fix it. Right now,
there’s a bill in this Congress that would give every responsible homeowner
in America the chance to save $3,000 a year by refinancing at today’s rates.
Democrats and Republicans have supported it before. What are we waiting
for? Take a vote, and send me that bill. Right now, overlapping
regulations keep responsible young families from buying their first home.
What’s holding us back? Let’s streamline the process, and help our economy
grow.
These initiatives in manufacturing, energy, infrastructure and housing will
help entrepreneurs and small business owners expand and create new jobs.
But none of it will matter unless we also equip our citizens with the skills
and training to fill those jobs. And that has to start at the earliest
possible age.
Study after study shows that the sooner a child begins learning, the better
he or she does down the road. But today, fewer than 3 in 10 4-year-olds are
enrolled in a high-quality preschool program. Most middle-class parents
can’t afford a few hundred bucks a week for private preschool. And for poor
kids who need help the most, this lack of access to preschool education can
shadow them for the rest of their lives.
Tonight, I propose working with states to make high-quality preschool
available to every child in America. Every dollar we invest in high-quality
early education can save more than $7 later on - by boosting graduation
rates, reducing teen pregnancy, even reducing violent crime. In states that
make it a priority to educate our youngest children, like Georgia or
Oklahoma, studies show students grow up more likely to read and do math at
grade level, graduate high school, hold a job, and form more stable families
of their own. So let’s do what works, and make sure none of our children
start the race of life already behind. Let’s give our kids that chance.
Let’s also make sure that a high school diploma puts our kids on a path to a
good job. Right now, countries like Germany focus on graduating their high
school students with the equivalent of a technical degree from one of our
community colleges, so that they’re ready for a job. At schools like P-Tech
in Brooklyn, a collaboration between New York Public Schools, the City
University of New York and IBM, students will graduate with a high school
diploma and an associate degree in computers or engineering.
We need to give every American student opportunities like this. Four years
ago, we started Race to the Top - a competition that convinced almost every
state to develop smarter curricula and higher standards, for about 1 percent
of what we spend on education each year. Tonight, I’m announcing a new
challenge to redesign America’s high schools so they better equip graduates
for the demands of a high-tech economy. We’ll reward schools that develop
new partnerships with colleges and employers, and create classes that focus
on science, technology, engineering and math - the skills today’s employers
are looking for to fill jobs right now and in the future.
Now, even with better high schools, most young people will need some higher
education. It’s a simple fact: the more education you have, the more likely
you are to have a job and work your way into the middle class. But today,
skyrocketing costs price way too many young people out of a higher
education, or saddle them with unsustainable debt.
Through tax credits, grants and better loans, we have made college more
affordable for millions of students and families over the last few years.
But taxpayers cannot continue to subsidize the soaring cost of higher
education. Colleges must do their part to keep costs down, and it’s our job
to make sure they do. Tonight, I ask Congress to change the Higher
Education Act, so that affordability and value are included in determining
which colleges receive certain types of federal aid. And tomorrow, my
administration will release a new “College Scorecard” that parents and
students can use to compare schools based on a simple criteria: where you
can get the most bang for your educational buck.
To grow our middle class, our citizens must have access to the education and
training that today’s jobs require. But we also have to make sure that
America remains a place where everyone who’s willing to work hard has the
chance to get ahead.
Our economy is stronger when we harness the talents and ingenuity of
striving, hopeful immigrants. And right now, leaders from the business,
labor, law enforcement and faith communities all agree that the time has
come to pass comprehensive immigration reform.
Real reform means strong border security, and we can build on the progress
my administration has already made - putting more boots on the southern
border than at any time in our history, and reducing illegal crossings to
their lowest levels in 40 years.
Real reform means establishing a responsible pathway to earned citizenship -
a path that includes passing a background check, paying taxes and a
meaningful penalty, learning English and going to the back of the line
behind the folks trying to come here legally.
And real reform means fixing the legal immigration system to cut waiting
periods, reduce bureaucracy and attract the highly-skilled entrepreneurs and
engineers that will help create jobs and grow our economy.
In other words, we know what needs to be done. As we speak, bipartisan
groups in both chambers are working diligently to draft a bill, and I
applaud their efforts. Now let’s get this done. Send me a comprehensive
immigration reform bill in the next few months, and I will sign it right
away.
But we can’t stop there. We know our economy is stronger when our wives,
mothers and daughters can live their lives free from discrimination in the
workplace, and free from the fear of domestic violence. Today, the Senate
passed the Violence Against Women Act that Joe Biden originally wrote almost
20 years ago. I urge the House to do the same. And I ask this Congress to
declare that women should earn a living equal to their efforts, and finally
pass the Paycheck Fairness Act this year.
We know our economy is stronger when we reward an honest day’s work with
honest wages. But today, a full-time worker making the minimum wage earns
$14,500 a year. Even with the tax relief we’ve put in place, a family with
two kids that earns the minimum wage still lives below the poverty line.
That’s wrong. That’s why, since the last time this Congress raised the
minimum wage, 19 states have chosen to bump theirs even higher.
Tonight, let’s declare that in the wealthiest nation on Earth, no one who
works full-time should have to live in poverty, and raise the federal
minimum wage to $9 an hour. This single step would raise the incomes of
millions of working families. It could mean the difference between
groceries or the food bank; rent or eviction; scraping by or finally getting
ahead. For businesses across the country, it would mean customers with more
money in their pockets. In fact, working folks shouldn’t have to wait year
after year for the minimum wage to go up while CEO pay has never been
higher. So here’s an idea that Gov. Romney and I actually agreed on last
year: let’s tie the minimum wage to the cost of living, so that it finally
becomes a wage you can live on.
Tonight, let’s also recognize that there are communities in this country
where no matter how hard you work, it’s virtually impossible to get ahead.
Factory towns decimated from years of plants packing up. Inescapable
pockets of poverty, urban and rural, where young adults are still fighting
for their first job. America is not a place where chance of birth or
circumstance should decide our destiny. And that is why we need to build
new ladders of opportunity into the middle class for all who are willing to
climb them.
Let’s offer incentives to companies that hire Americans who’ve got what it
takes to fill that job opening, but have been out of work so long that no
one will give them a chance. Let’s put people back to work rebuilding
vacant homes in run-down neighborhoods. And this year, my administration
will begin to partner with 20 of the hardest-hit towns in America to get
these communities back on their feet. We’ll work with local leaders to
target resources at public safety, education and housing. We’ll give new
tax credits to businesses that hire and invest. And we’ll work to
strengthen families by removing the financial deterrents to marriage for
low-income couples, and doing more to encourage fatherhood - because what
makes you a man isn’t the ability to conceive a child; it’s having the
courage to raise one.
Stronger families. Stronger communities. A stronger America. It is this
kind of prosperity - broad, shared and built on a thriving middle class -
that has always been the source of our progress at home. It is also the
foundation of our power and influence throughout the world.
Tonight, we stand united in saluting the troops and civilians who sacrifice
every day to protect us. Because of them, we can say with confidence that
America will complete its mission in Afghanistan, and achieve our objective
of defeating the core of al-Qaida. Already, we have brought home 33,000 of
our brave servicemen and women. This spring, our forces will move into a
support role, while Afghan security forces take the lead. Tonight, I can
announce that over the next year, another 34,000 American troops will come
home from Afghanistan. This drawdown will continue. And by the end of next
year, our war in Afghanistan will be over.
Beyond 2014, America’s commitment to a unified and sovereign Afghanistan
will endure, but the nature of our commitment will change. We are
negotiating an agreement with the Afghan government that focuses on two
missions: training and equipping Afghan forces so that the country does not
again slip into chaos, and counter-terrorism efforts that allow us to pursue
the remnants of al-Qaida and their affiliates.
Today, the organization that attacked us on 9/11 is a shadow of its former
self. Different al-Qaida affiliates and extremist groups have emerged -
from the Arabian Peninsula to Africa. The threat these groups pose is
evolving. But to meet this threat, we don’t need to send tens of thousands
of our sons and daughters abroad, or occupy other nations. Instead, we will
need to help countries like Yemen, Libya and Somalia provide for their own
security, and help allies who take the fight to terrorists, as we have in
Mali. And, where necessary, through a range of capabilities, we will
continue to take direct action against those terrorists who pose the gravest
threat to Americans.
As we do, we must enlist our values in the fight. That is why my
administration has worked tirelessly to forge a durable legal and policy
framework to guide our counterterrorism operations. Throughout, we have
kept Congress fully informed of our efforts. I recognize that in our
democracy, no one should just take my word that we’re doing things the right
way. So, in the months ahead, I will continue to engage with Congress to
ensure not only that our targeting, detention and prosecution of terrorists
remains consistent with our laws and system of checks and balances, but that
our efforts are even more transparent to the American people and to the
world.
Of course, our challenges don’t end withal-Qaida. America will continue to
lead the effort to prevent the spread of the world’s most dangerous weapons.
The regime in North Korea must know that they will only achieve security and
prosperity by meeting their international obligations. Provocations of the
sort we saw last night will only isolate them further, as we stand by our
allies, strengthen our own missile defense, and lead the world in taking
firm action in response to these threats.
Likewise, the leaders of Iran must recognize that now is the time for a
diplomatic solution, because a coalition stands united in demanding that
they meet their obligations, and we will do what is necessary to prevent
them from getting a nuclear weapon. At the same time, we will engage Russia
to seek further reductions in our nuclear arsenals, and continue leading the
global effort to secure nuclear materials that could fall into the wrong
hands - because our ability to influence others depends on our willingness
to lead.
America must also face the rapidly growing threat from cyber attacks. We
know hackers steal people’s identities and infiltrate private e-mail. We
know foreign countries and companies swipe our corporate secrets. Now our
enemies are also seeking the ability to sabotage our power grid, our
financial institutions and our air traffic control systems. We cannot look
back years from now and wonder why we did nothing in the face of real
threats to our security and our economy.
That’s why, earlier today, I signed a new executive order that will
strengthen our cyber defenses by increasing information sharing, and
developing standards to protect our national security, our jobs and our
privacy. Now, Congress must act as well, by passing legislation to give our
government a greater capacity to secure our networks and deter attacks.
Even as we protect our people, we should remember that today’s world
presents not only dangers, but opportunities. To boost American exports,
support American jobs and level the playing field in the growing markets of
Asia, we intend to complete negotiations on a Trans-Pacific Partnership.
And tonight, I am announcing that we will launch talks on a comprehensive
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership with the European Union -
because trade that is free and fair across the Atlantic supports millions of
good-paying American jobs.
We also know that progress in the most impoverished parts of our world
enriches us all. In many places, people live on little more than a dollar a
day. So the United States will join with our allies to eradicate such
extreme poverty in the next two decades: by connecting more people to the
global economy and empowering women; by giving our young and brightest minds
new opportunities to serve and helping communities to feed, power and
educate themselves; by saving the world’s children from preventable deaths;
and by realizing the promise of an AIDS-free generation.
Above all, America must remain a beacon to all who seek freedom during this
period of historic change. I saw the power of hope last year in Rangoon -
when Aung San Suu Kyi welcomed an American president into the home where she
had been imprisoned for years; when thousands of Burmese lined the streets,
waving American flags, including a man who said, “There is justice and law
in the United States. I want our country to be like that.”
In defense of freedom, we will remain the anchor of strong alliances from
the Americas to Africa; from Europe to Asia. In the Middle East, we will
stand with citizens as they demand their universal rights, and support
stable transitions to democracy. The process will be messy, and we cannot
presume to dictate the course of change in countries like Egypt; but we can
- and will - insist on respect for the fundamental rights of all people. We
will keep the pressure on a Syrian regime that has murdered its own people,
and support opposition leaders that respect the rights of every Syrian. And
we will stand steadfast with Israel in pursuit of security and a lasting
peace. These are the messages I will deliver when I travel to the Middle
East next month.
All this work depends on the courage and sacrifice of those who serve in
dangerous places at great personal risk - our diplomats, our intelligence
officers, and the men and women of the United States Armed Forces. As long
as I’m commander in chief, we will do whatever we must to protect those who
serve their country abroad, and we will maintain the best military in the
world. We will invest in new capabilities, even as we reduce waste and
wartime spending. We will ensure equal treatment for all service members,
and equal benefits for their families - gay and straight. We will draw upon
the courage and skills of our sisters and daughters, because women have
proven under fire that they are ready for combat. We will keep faith with
our veterans - investing in world-class care, including mental health care,
for our wounded warriors; supporting our military families; and giving our
veterans the benefits, education and job opportunities they have earned.
And I want to thank my wife, Michelle, and Dr. Jill Biden for their
continued dedication to serving our military families as well as they serve
us.
But defending our freedom is not the job of our military alone. We must all
do our part to make sure our God-given rights are protected here at home.
That incl












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